Methods of and apparatus for determining the quantity and physical parameters of objects

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for determining the quantity and/or other physical parameters of any number of regularly or randomly oriented particles, or images or image patterns thereof, of various size and shape lying within a discrete region. A scanning device is swept over the discrete region causing the generation of electrical signals in response to the interception of the boundaries of one or more of the particles. Appropriate logic and electronic circuitry is adapted to receive the initially generated signals, to generate further electrical signals in response thereto and to operate on and with both signals to yield other signals related to the quantity of or the particular particle parameter being sought.

United States Patent [1 1 11 3,805,028 Morton Apr, 16, 1974 [54] METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR 3,214,574 10/1965 Landsman 235/92 PC DETERMINING THE QUANTITY AND 3,408,485 10/1968 Scott 235/92 PC 3,353,024 11/1967 Stockdale 340/1463 AE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF OBJECTS [75] Inventor: Roger Roy Adams Morton, Penfield, primary Examiner pau] J Henon Assistant Examiner-Robert F. Gnuse [73] Assigneez Bausch & Lomb Incorporated, Attorney, Agent, or FirmFrank C. Parker; Bernard Rochester, NY. Bogdon [22] Filed: Dec. 20, 1971 [57] ABSTRACT [21] Appl 210,278 Apparatus for determining the quantity and/or other Related Application Data physical parameters of any number of regularly or ran- [63] Continuation of Ser. No- 835 673 June 23 1969 domly oriented particles, or images or image patterns abandoned. thereof, of various size and shape lying within a discrete region. A scanning device is swept over the dis- [52] CL 235/92 PC 235/92 R, 340/1463 AE crete region causing the generation of electrical sig- 51 Int. Cl. G06m 11/02 in resPOnSe the interception Of the bmmdaries [58] Field of Search 23 5 /92 PC; 340/1463 AE of one or more of the particles. Appropriate logic and electronic circuitry is adapted to receive the initially 56] References Cited generated signals, to generate further electrical signals in response thereto and to operate on and with both UNITED STATES PATENTS signals to yield other signals related to the quantity of or the particular particle parameter being sought. are or 3,315,229 4/1967 Smithline 235/92 PC 76 Claims, 40 Drawing Figures AMP {86 IMPEDENCE -MA'rcI-Ime 2'1? 6 cIRcuIr 82 R U RY 88 HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR "r fivzgR'lgfss BINARY VIBE: 83 SIGN L MAXIMUM 87 90 9: l CIRCUIT BLACK 8 7 WHITE 85\ MINIMUM cIRcuI'r 197 89 DELAYED DELAY LINE F SIGNAL THRESHOLD 92' 93 M NETWORK PATENT in Am 6 m4 sum 01 or 20';

ROGER R. A. woman INVENTOR.

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1. In a system for measuring represented objects by generating a video signal having a profile as a function of the response of a represented object along scanning lines across the represented object, the video signal profile having sloping transitions, a threshold circuit for generating output electrical signals having transitions occurring as a function of the profile of each sloping transition, comprising: adjustable threshold circuit means for generating a profile reference level signal; comparator circuit means receiving the profile reference level signal and the video signal for comparing the video signal with the profile reference level signal and including first means for selecting those transitions in the video signal which respectively have a value which corresponds to a value of the profile reference level signal and second means to identify whether the value of each respective transition of the video signal exceeds or is less than the value of the profile reference level signal immediately before selecting the corresponding values between the transitions of the video signal and the profile reference level signal for generating boundary identification signals as a function of the comparison of the video signal relative to the profile reference level; and output means receiving the boundary identification signals from the comparator circuit means and the video signal for generating output electrical signals having transitions corresponding to each selected video transition to define the boundary position of the represented object solely as a function of the selected video transitions and independent of the level of the profile reference level signal.
 2. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the output means generates output electrical signals having transitions occurring as a function of maximum and minimum values of the profiles of each sloping transition.
 3. In a system for measuring represented objects by generating a video signal having a profile as a funcTion of the response of a represented object along scanning lines across the represented object, the video signal profile having sloping transitions, a threshold circuit for generating output electrical signals having transitions occurring as a function of the profile of each sloping transition, comprising: first circuit means receiving the video signal generated as a function of the response of a represented object along scanning lines across the represented object for determining the maximum value of the video signal profile between respective video signal profile transitions occurring as a function of at least one boundary of the represented object and including means for storing the maximum value; second circuit means receiving the video signal generated as a function of the response of the represented object along scanning lines across the represented object for determining the minimum value of the video signal profile between respective video signal profile transitions occurring as a function of at least one boundary of the represented object and including means for storing the minimum value; and signal processing means receiving the maximum and minimum video signal profile values determined and stored by the first and second circuit means, respectively, for generating a signal as a function of the maximum and minimum video signal profile values between the transitions of the video signal profile occurring as a function of at least one boundary of the represented object.
 4. In the system as defined in claim 3, including signal processing means receiving the maximum and minimum video signal profile values wherein the signal generated by the signal processing means is a function of the weighted average of the maximum and minimum video signal profile values.
 5. In the system as defined in claim 4, including signal processing means receiving the maximum and minimum video signal profile values wherein the signal generated by the signal processing means is a function of equal portions of maximum and minimum video signal profile values.
 6. In a particulate measuring system generating, as a function of the responses of a sample to a scanning signal, video signals having sloping transitions, a threshold circuit for converting the video signals to signals having binary values and having transitions occurring as a function of at least one boundary of the sample, comprising: first circuit means receiving the video signals generated as a function of the responses of the sample to a scanning signal for determining the maximum values of the video signals between respective video signal transitions, occurring as a function of a boundary of the sample and including means for storing the maximum values; second circuit means receiving the video signals generated as a function of the responses of the sample to the scanning signal for determining the minimum values of the video signals between respective video signal transitions occurring as a function of a boundary of the sample and including means for storing the minimum values; signal summing means receiving the maximum and minimum signal values determined and stored by the first and second circuit means, respectively, for generating a weighted average signal as a function of the maximum and minimum values of the video signals between the transitions of the video signals occurring as a function of at least the one boundary of the sample; signal delay means receiving the video signals for delaying each respective video signal for a period of time as a function of the time for determining the weighted average of the maximum and minimum values of the video signals; and a pulse generator for generating pulses at such time as the delayed video signal reaches the weighted average value.
 7. In a particulate measuring system generating as a function of the responses of a sample to a scanning signal, video signals having sloping transitions, a threshold circuit for converting the video signals to signals having binary values and having transitions occurring as a function of at least one boundary of the sample, comprising: adjustable threshold control circuit means for generating an image intensity reference level signal; first comparator circuit means receiving the video signals and the image intensity reference level signal for comparing the video signals with the image intensity reference level signal and including means for generating first and second output signals as a function of the respective values of the video signals relative to the image intensity reference level signal; first circuit means receiving the video signals and the output signals generated by the first comparator circuit means for determining and including means for storing the maximum values of the video signals between transitions of each respective output signal generated by the first comparator circuit means; second circuit means receiving the video signals and the output signals generated by the first comparator means for determining and storing the minimum values of the video signals between transitions of each respective output signal generated by the first comparator circuit means; signal summing means receiving the maximum and minimum video signal values determined and stored by the first and second circuit means, respectively, for determining a weighted average value signal of the maximum and minimum values of the respective video signals between the transitions of the output signals generated by the first comparator circuit means; signal delay means receiving the video signals for delaying each respective video signal for a period of time as a function of time required to determine the weighted average value; and second comparator circuit means receiving the delayed video signals generated by the signal delay means and the weighted average value signal generated by the signal summing means for, respectively, generating video signals having binary values each as a function of the relative values of the respective delayed video signal and the weighted average signal.
 8. An apparatus for generating electrical signals indicative of represented objects in a field of view including represented objects having contrasting regions within the represented object where the generated electrical signals are indicative of any given represented object including the contrasting regions within the given represented object, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with the represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means intersects any portion of a given represented object and a second value when it does not including when it intersects contrasting regions of the given represented object; logic means for providing, where a given line of scan produces a second signal indicative of the given represented object and corresponding to more than one intersection in the given represented object and where only one intersection occurred in the given represented object at an immediately preceding line of scan at a time prior to the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection substantially equal to the duration of one complete line scansion from a time during the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection of the given represented object on the given line of scan including the time for producing the second signal between intersections on that line, a modified second signal indicative of the given represented object substantially corresponding to the given represented object during and between the more than one intersection as if only one intersection occurred and incLuding second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition of said second signal and the modified second signal from one of its two said values to the other.
 9. Apparatus for scanning, with lines of scan, a selected object in a field of objects and determining whether an object intercept belongs to the selected object, comprising: an image system for generating images of the object of the field of objects; scanning means receiving the images of the objects for scanning the images of the objects and generating signals as a function of the response of the images of the objects to the scan; boundary detection means receiving the signals generated by the scanning means for generating intercept signals as a function of the boundaries of the images of the objects scanned; means for identifying an intercept signal of the image of the selected object; storage means for storing time of commencement of the intercept signal of the selected object; means for receiving the stored time of commencement of the intercept signal of the selected object at a time approximately equal to the time between commencement of successive lines of scan subsequent to the time of commencement of the stored intercept signal of the selected object; means for receiving the intercept signals of all of the objects in the field of objects and storing the time of commencement of each intercept of each scan line, subsequent to the first scan line of the image of the selected object; means for erasing the stored commencement time of an intercept signal providing that by the time of termination of the intercept, no stored time of commencement belonging to the intercept signal of the selected object has been received from the storage means; and means for signifying that an intercept belongs to the image of the selected object as soon as an intercept signal coincides with a stored time of the intercept signal corresponding to the selected object.
 10. Apparatus for use in counting regions of any shape in a field of view traversed by tracks of scan, such that no more than one count would be counted for each region in the field of view including where a track of scan intersects a region once and an immediately subsequent single track of scan intersects the last mentioned region more than once, comprising: scanning means disposed in optical alignment with the regions in the field of view, for linearly scanning each region and for generating a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the transitional response of each region to each respective track of scan; first circuit means responsive to the first signals for generating for each track of scan a second signal having a first value when the track of scan intersects the region and a second value when the track of scan does not intersect the region; and logic means for providing, where a given track of scan produces a second signal corresponding to more than one intersection in a given region and where only one intersection occurred in the same region at an immediately preceding track of scan at a time prior to the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection substantially equal to the duration of one complete track scansion from a time during the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection of the region on the given track of scan including the time for producing the second signal between intersections on that track, a modified second signal substantially corresponding to the last mentioned region during and between the more than one intersection as if only one intersection occurred and including second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transitional response for each region corresponding to the values of the second signal and the modified second signals from one of its values to the other for generating a third signal having no more than one response for each region indePendent of the shape of the region.
 11. Apparatus for counting objects of any shape represented in a field of view traversed by lines of scan by counting no more than one count for each object represented in the field of view including where a line of scan intersects a represented object once and an immediately subsequent single line of scan intersects the last mentioned represented object more than once, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means intersects any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; logic means for providing, where a given line of scan produces a second signal corresponding to more than one intersection in a given represented object and where only one intersection occurred in the same represented object at an immediately preceding line of scan at a time prior to the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection substantially equal to the duration of one complete line scansion from a time during the producing of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection of the represented object on the given line of scan including the time for producing the second signal between intersections on that line, a modified second signal substantially corresponding to the last mentioned represented object during and between the more than one intersection as if only one intersection occurred and including second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition of said second signal and said modified second signals from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said represented objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to said one of said represented objects; and counting means responsive to said third signal for counting the number of said third signals generated by said second circuit means.
 12. Apparatus for counting represented objects within a field, comprising: first means for generating a video signal as a function of the response of the represented objects and field to lines of scan traversing the represented objects and field; boundary detection means receiving the video signal generated by the first means to generate an electrical signal as a function of the boundary of each represented object to be counted; means receiving the electrical signal which is a function of the boundary of each represented object for electrically modifying the shape of each represented object by generating another electrical signal for any represented object having an area outside each respective represented object through which a scan line passes outside the represented object from any one respective point on the boundary of the respective represented object to intersect some other second respective point on the boundary of the respective object provided that a line of scan immediately preceding the first line of scan intersecting each respective outside area of the respresented object intersects the respective represented object continuously within a respective scan range defined by a portion of the field substantially immediately about the intersection between the first scan line intersecting the respective outside area, and the respective outside area; and means for counting the respective represented object whenever a line of scan does not intersect the represented object and follows a line of scan which intersects the represented object.
 13. Apparatus for counting represented objects of any shape in the field of view traversed by lines of scan including counting represented objects having at least a generally convoluted outline configuration extending generally transversely to any given line of scan in a direction toward a subsequent line of scan, counting no more than one count for each represented object in the field of view, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value when said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal for each represented object having at least a generally convoluted outline configuration extending generally transversely to a line of scan in a direction toward a subsequent line of scan only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said represented objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to said one of said represented objects and including means for generating a fourth signal for each represented object having no generally convoluted outline configurations extending generally transversely to a line of scan in a direction toward a subsequent line of scan only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said represented objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to the last mentioned one of said represented 0bjects; and counting means responsive to said third and fourth signals for counting the number of said third and fourth signals generated by said second circuit means to thereby respectively count represented objects.
 14. Apparatus for counting regions of any shape in a field of view, such that one and only one count is counted for a single region in the field of view, comprising: scanning means disposed in optical alignment with the regions in the field of view, for linearly scanning each region and for generating a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the transitional response of each region to each respective line of scan; first circuit means responsive to the first signals for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value when the line of scan traverses the region and a second value when the line of scan does not traverse the region; second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transitional response of the values of the second signal from 0ne of its two values to the other, for generating a third signal as a function of the second signal and as a function of each preceding third signal corresponding to the region, provided that where a previous scan line has only one uninterrupted intercept with the region and the next succeeding scan line has at least two uninterrupted intercepts with the region whose time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line substantially coincides with the time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line having a single intercept in the previous scan, the third signal is generated as a single response commencing at a time which is a function of the time of the first intercept on the line of scan having more than one intercept and terminates at a time which is a function of the time of the last intercept on the line having more than one intercept relative to the region; delay means receiving the third signals for generating a fourth signal as a function of each third signal delayed for a time approximately equal to the time between commencement of each line of sCan, for transmitting to the second circuit means for the second circuit means to generate the third signals, the fourth signals corresponding, respectively, to the preceding third signals of which each succeeding third signal is a function; logic circuit means receiving the third signal for generating a final signal as a function of the occurrence of the last third signal generated; and counting means responsive to the final signal for counting each final signal generated by the logic circuit means.
 15. Apparatus for counting regions of any shape in a field of view, such that no more than one count is counted for each region in the field of view, comprising: scanning means disposed in optical alignment with the regions in the field of view, for linearly scanning each region and for generating a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the transitional response of each region to each respective line of scan; first circuit means responsive to the first signals for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value when the line of scan traverses the region and a second value when the line of scan does not traverse the region; second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transitional response of the values of the second signal from one of its two values to the other, for generating a third signal as a function of the second signal and as a function of each preceding third signal corresponding to the region, provided that where a previous scan line has only one uninterrupted intercept with the region and the next succeeding scan line has at least two uninterrupted intercepts with the region whose time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line substantially coincide with the time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line having a single intercept in the previous scan, the third signal is generated as a single response commencing at a time which is a function of the time of the first intercept on the line of scan having more than one intercept and terminates at a time which is a function of the time of the last intercept on the line having more than one intercept relative to the region; delay means receiving the third signals for generating a fourth signal as a function of each third signal delayed for a time approximately equal to the time between commencement of each line of scan, for transmitting to the second circuit means for the second circuit means to generate the third signals, the fourth signals corresponding, respectively, to the preceding third signals of which each succeeding third signal is a function; logic circuit means receiving the third signal for generating a final signal as a function of the occurrence of the last third signal generated; and counting means responsive to the final signal for counting each final signal generated by the logic circuit means.
 16. The apparatus for counting regions of any shape, as defined in claim 15, wherein: the delay means receiving the third signals for generating the fourth signal as a function of each third signal, delays the fourth signal for a time less than the time between the commencement of lines of scan.
 17. The apparatus for counting regions of any shape, as defined in claim 15, wherein: the logic circuit means receiving the third signal generates the final signal when the second signal is at least partially coincident with the third signal.
 18. Apparatus for counting objects of any shape in a field of view, counting no more than one count for each object in the field of view, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first vaLue while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to said one of said objects; counting means responsive to said third signal for counting the number of said third signals generated by said second circuit means; and third circuit means responsive to said second signal for inhibiting said second circuit means when said second signal corresponds to any of said objects intersecting any two adjoining boundaries of the field of view of said scanning means, said third circuit means being inoperative when said second signal corresponds to any of said objects intersecting the other two boundaries of said field of view.
 19. Apparatus for counting represented objects of any shape in a field of view, counting no more than one count for each represented object in the field of view, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said represented objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to said one of said represented objects; counting means responsive to said third signal for counting the number of said third signals generated by said second circuit means; and third circuit means responsive to said second signal for reducing the width of each second signal pulse corresponding to an intercept of one of said represented objects by said scanning means and having a pulse width greater than a predetermined value by a fixed amount.
 20. A method of counting represented objects of any shape in a field of view traversed by tracks of scan, counting no more than one count for each represented object in the field of view including where a track of scan intersects a represented object once and an immediately subsequent single track of scan intersects the last mentioned represented object more than once, comprising the steps of: scanning said represented objects with tracks of scan generated by a scanning means; generating for each track of scan across the field of represented objects a first signal having an amplitude varying as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; generating a second signal having a first value when said first signal corresponds to the traverse of any portion of one of said represented objects by said scanning means and a second value when it does not; sensing each transition of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for each of said represented objects; generating a modified second signal corresponding to represented objects when a given track of scan generates a second signal corresponding to more than one intersection in a given represented object and when only one intersection occurred in the same represented object at the immediately preceding track of scan at a time prior to the generation of the second signal corresponding to the more than one intersection substantially equal to the duratiOn of one complete track scansion from a time during the generation of the second signal corresponding to more than one intersection of the represented object on the given track of scan including the time of generating a second signal between intersections on that track, the modified second signal being generated as if only one intersection occurred and to substantially correspond to the last mentioned represented object during and between the more than one intersection; generating a third signal only when a scan track having second signal transitions related to second signals and modified second signals corresponding to one of said represented objects is followed by a scan track having no second signal transitions corresponding to said one of said represented objects; and counting the number of third signals generated.
 21. An apparatus for counting images of objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of images of objects of varied size, comprising: first means for scanning each image with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallelly extending linear scanning lines traversing the image; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the image a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the image to the intercepted line of scan traversing the image; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generated by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the image to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the image to each intercepted line of scan traversing the image for generating an output signal whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value; fourth means receiving the output signal generated by the third means for generating a plurality of extended signals, each extended signal having a time duration which coincides at least in part with the generation of a first signal corresponding with an intercepted line of scan traversing the image, an extended signal occurring for each intercepted line of scan traversing the image subsequent to the line of scan which causes the initial output signal to be generated; and logic means determining the occurrence of the final extended signal of the image for generating a count pulse as a function of the occurrence of the last extended signal.
 22. An apparatus for counting objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of objects of varied size, comprising: first means for scanning each object with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallelly extending linear scanning lines traversing the object; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the object a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the intercepted line of scan traversing the object; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generated by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the object to each intercepted line of scan traversing the object for generating an initial output response whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value and including means for thereafter generating output responses for each intercepted line of scan traversing the object; fourth means receiving the output responses generated by the third means for generating a plurality of extended responses, each extended response having a time duration which coincides at least in part with the generation of a first signal corresponding with an intercepted line of scan traversing the object, an extended response occurring for each intercepted line of scan traversing the object following the line of scan which causes the initial output response to be generated; and counting means determIning the occurrence of a last extended response for generating a count response as a function of the occurrence of the last extended response.
 23. An apparatus for counting objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of objects, comprising: first means for scanning each object with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallelly extending linear scanning lines traversing the object; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the object a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the intercepted line of scan traversing the object; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generated by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the object to each intercepted line of scan traversing the object for generating an output signal whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value; fourth means receiving the output signal generated by a third means for generating a plurality of extended signals, each extended signal having a time duration which coincides at least in part with the generation of a first signal corresponding with an intercepted line of scan traversing the object, an extended signal occurring for each intercepted line of scan traversing the object subsequent to the line of scan corresponding to the initial output signal, each subsequent extended signal commencing slightly in advance of the time of commencement of the extended pulse on the immediately preceding intercepted scanning line relative to the start of each line of scan, provided that the time for commencement is not substantially in advance of the time of generation of a respective first signal for the object intercepted by the scanning line, each extended pulse occurring for all lines subsequently intercepting the object provided a first signal corresponds to the intercepted scanning line at substantially near the time for commencement of the extended signal corresponding to that intercepted line of scan; logic means determining the occurrence of a last extended signal for generating a count signal as a function of the occurrence of the last extended signal; and counting means viewing the count signal for counting the count signal.
 24. An apparatus for counting objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of objects, comprising: first means for scanning each object with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallel extending linear scanning lines traversing the object; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the object a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the intercepted line of scan traversing the object; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generated by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the object to each intercepted line of scan traversing the object for generating a first output signal whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value; fourth means receiving the generated first output signal from the third means for generating a plurality of delay signals for each subsequently intercepted line of scan, initially at a time subsequent to the generation of the first output signal and thereafter subsequent to the generation of the delay signal of the preceding intercepted line of scan where the generation of each delay signal occurs prior to the time lapse of a full cycle of line scan from the generation of the first output signal and thereafter from the preceding delay signal, respectively; and counting means determining the occurrence of the last delay signal for generating a count response aS a function of the occurrence of the last delay signal.
 25. An apparatus for counting objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of objects, comprising: first means for scanning each object with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallel extending linear scanning lines traversing the object; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the object a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the intercepted line of scan traversing the object; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generated by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the object to each intercepted line of scan traversing the object for generating a first output signal whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value; fourth means receiving the generated first output signal from the third means for generating delay signals for each subsequently intercepted line of scan and for terminating generation subsequent to the last intercepted line of scan, initially generating at a time subsequent to the generation of the first output signal and thereafter subsequent to the generation of the delay signal of the preceding intercepted line of scan where the generation of each delay signal occurs prior to the time lapse of a full cycle of line scan from the generation of the first output signal and thereafter from the preceding delay signal, respectively; and logic means receiving the delay signals generated by the fourth means for counting the object when the generation of the delay signal occurs outside of the approximate coincidence of the first signal corresponding to that respective intercepted line of scan.
 26. An apparatus for counting objects larger than a predetermined size in a field of objects, comprising: first means for scanning each object with a beam of energy to define a plurality of parallel extending linear scanning lines traversing the object; second means for generating for each line of scan intercepting the object a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the intercepted line of scan traversing the object; boundary detection means receiving the first signals generatd by the second means for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; third means receiving the intercept signals generated as a function of the response of the object to each intercepted line of scan traversing the object for generating a first output signal whenever a received intercept signal exceeds a predetermined value; fourth means receiving the generated first output signal from the third means for generating delay signals for each subsequently intercepted line of scan and for terminating generation subsequent to the last intercepted line of scan, initially generating at a time subsequent to the generation of the first output signal and thereafter subsequent to the generation of the delay signal of the preceding intercepted line of scan where the generation of each delay signal occurs prior to the time lapse of a full cycle of a line scan from the generation of the first output signal and thereafter from the preceding delay signal, respectively; and logic means receiving the delay signals generated by the fourth means for counting the object subsequent to the generation of the final delay signal for the object.
 27. Apparatus for counting or measuring objects of any shape which comprises: a television camera aligned with said objects for developing a video signal in response to the scanning thereof; a television monitor coupled to said television camera for displaying an image of the field of view; first circuit means coupled to said television camera for generating a binary video siGnal having a first value when said television camera is scanning across an object and a second value when it is not; second circuit means responsive to said binary video signal for detecting the number of said objects and for generating a first signal for each of said objects detected; first counter means responsive to said first signals for counting and storing the number thereof; third circuit means responsive to said binary video signal for performing the desired dimensional measurements and for generating a second signal proportional thereto for each of said objects; fourth circuit means responsive to each of said second signals for generating a train of pulses, the number of which is proportional to the total width of all of said second signals corresponding to each of said objects; second counter means responsive to each of said train of pulses for counting and storing the pulses contained in each; and character generation means responsive to the count stored in said first and second counters and coupled to said television monitor for generating signals to darken a strip in the field of view as shown on said television monitor, and generating signals to brighten appropriate locations within said darkened strip, said brightened locations being selected by said character generation means to describe said count or measurement result.
 28. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of a represented sample of any shape, comprising: means for generating a video signal having a profile as a function of the response of the represented sample along parallel lines of scan across the represented sample; first circuit means responsive to the video signal for generating a first circuit signal having a value varying as a function of the video signal profile; second circuit means responsive to the first circuit signal for generating a second circuit signal proportional to a first dimension of the represented sample extending between a first pair of parallel tangents to the represented sample disposed at a first angle with respect to the direction of scan as a function of the value of the first circuit signal; third circuit means responsive to the first circuit signal for generating a third circuit signal proportional to a second dimension of the represented sample extending between a second pair of parallel tangents to the represented sample disposed at a second angle with respect to the direction of scan as a function of the value of the first circuit signal; and logic means responsive to the signals generated by the second and third circuit means for generating a signal which is a function of the larger signal generated by either the second or third circuit means and is thereby indicative of the longer of the two measured dimensions of the represented sample.
 29. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of a represented object of any shape between two most widely spaced parallel tangents each at a predetermined angle with respect to a direction of scan, comprising: means for scanning the represented object with substantially parallel tracks of scan including means for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the represented object to the scan traversing the represented object; first circuit detection means responsive to the first signal for generating a second signal having a value varying as a function of the value of the first signal which second signal corresponds to the positions of the boundary points of the represented object along each scan line; second circuit means responsive to the second signal for generating a third signal having values as a function of the positions of the boundary points of the represented object with respect to a direction at right angle to the predetermined angle of the tangent to the scan line; and third circuit means responsive to the third signal for generating a fourth signal as a function of the maximum and minimum values of the third signal, said fourth signal having at least one parameter which is a function of a dimension of the represented object extending between two most widely spaced parallel tangents to the represented object disposed at the predetermined angle with respect to the direction of scan.
 30. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of a represented object of any shape, as defined in claim 29, wherein: the means for scanning the represented object, when scanning a represented object having differing spatial properties causing corresponding differing responses of the represented object to the scan traversing the object, generates the first signals having differing values corresponding to the differing spatial properties of the represented object.
 31. The apparatus for measuring the dimension of a represented object of any shape, as defined in claim 29, wherein: the means for scanning the represented object, when scanning a represented object having differing physical properties causing corresponding differing responses of the represented object to the scan traversing the represented object, generates the first signal having differing values corresponding to the differing physical properties of the represented object.
 32. The apparatus for measuring the dimension of a represented object of any shape, as defined in claim 29, wherein: the means for scanning the represented object, when scanning a represented object having differing chemical properties causing corresponding differing responses of the represented object to the scan traversing the represented object, generates the first signal having differing values corresponding to the differing chemical properties of the represented object.
 33. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of a represented object of any shape, comprising: means for scanning the represented object with substantially parallel tracks of scan including means for generating a first signal having a valve varying as a function of the response of the represented object to the scan traversing the represented object; first circuit means responsive to the first signal for generating a second signal having a value varying as a function of the value of the first signal; second circuit means responsive to the second signal for generating a signal indicative of a dimension of a represented object extending between two parallel tangents to the represented object disposed at an angle with respect to the direction of scan as a function of the value of the second signal; third circuit means responsive to the second signal for generating another signal indicative of another dimension of the represented object extending between the two other parallel tangents to the represented object disposed at another angle with respect to the direction of scan as a function of the value of the second signal; and logic means responsive to the signals generated by the second and third circuit means for generating a signal which is a function of the larger signal generated by either the second or third circuit means and is thereby indicative of the longer of the two measured dimensions of the represented object.
 34. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of a portion of an object, this portion having a boundary forming any shape, comprising: means for scanning the object for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the scan traversing the object; first circuit means responsive to the first signal for generating as a function of the value of the first signal a second signal as a function of the boundary of the portion of the object; logic means responsive to the second signal for generating electrical signals as a function of the extreme boundary of the portion of the object in a plane normal to two parallel lines forming tangents to the boundary of the portion of the object, the parallel lines disposed at an angle with Respect to the direction of scan traversing the object; and second circuit means responsive to the electrical signals for generating a third signal, as a function of the electrical signals, proportional to a dimension of the object extending between the two parallel lines forming the tangents to the boundary of the portion of the object.
 35. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object having a boundary forming any shape, comprising: means for scanning the object for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the object to the scan traversing the object; first circuit means responsive to the first signal for generating as a function of the value of the first signal a second signal as a function of the boundary of the object; logic means responsive to the second signal for generating electrical signals as a function of the extreme of the boundary of the object in a plane normal to two parallel lines forming tangents to the boundary of the object, the parallel lines disposed at an angle with respect to the direction of the scan traversing the object; and second circuit means responsive to the electrical signals for generating a third signal as a function of the electrical signals, proportional to the dimension of the object extending between the two parallel lines forming the tangents to the boundary of the object.
 36. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 35, wherein: the first circuit means responsive to the first signal generates the second signal having a binary value.
 37. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 35, wherein: the first circuit means generates the first signal, varying as a function of a response of the object to the scan traversing the object, as a function of the amplitude of the first signal.
 38. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 35, wherein: the first circuit means generates the first signal, varying as a function of a response of the object to the scan traversing the object, as a function of the waveform of the generated signal.
 39. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 35, wherein: the means for scanning the object scans in lines formed by a light spot.
 40. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 35, wherein: the means for scanning the object scans in lines formed by an electron beam.
 41. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape between two most widely spaced parallel tangents each at a predetermined angle with respect to a direction of scan, comprising: means for scanning the image with substantially parallel tracks of scan including means for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the image to the scan traversing the image; first circuit detection means responsive to the first signal for generating a second signal having a value varying as a function of the value of the first signal which second signal corresponds to the positions of the boundary points of the image along each scan line; second circuit means responsive to the second signal for generating a third signal having values as a function of the positions of the boundary points of the image with respect to a direction at right angle to the predetermined angle of the tangent to the scan line; and third circuit means responsive to the third signal for generating a fourth signal as a function of the maximum and minimum values of the third signal, said fourth signal having at least one parameter which is a function of the image extending between two most widely spaced parallel tangents to the image disposed at the predetermined angle with respect to the direction of scan.
 42. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 41, wherein: the means for scanning the image, when scanning an image having differing spatial properties causing corresponding differing responses of the image to the scan traversing the image, generates the first signals having differing values corresponding to the differing spatial properties of the image.
 43. The apparatus for measuring the dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 41, wherein: the means for scanning the image, when scanning an image having differing physical properties causing corresponding differing responses of the image to the scan traversing the image, generates the first signal having differing values corresponding to the differing physical properties of the image.
 44. The apparatus for measuring the dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 41, wherein: the means for scanning the image, when scanning an image having differing chemical properties causing corresponding differing responses of the image to the scan traversing the image, generates the first signal having differing values corresponding to the differing chemical properties of the image.
 45. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of a portion of an image of an object, the portion having a boundary forming any shape, comprising: means for scanning the image for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the image to the scan traversing the image; first circuit means responsive to the first signal for generating as a function of the value of the first signal to a second signal as a function of the boundary of the portion of the image; logic means responsive to the second signal for generating electrical signals as a function of the extreme boundary of the portion of the image in a plane normal to two parallel lines forming tangents to the boundary of the portion of the image, the parallel lines disposed at an angle with respect to the direction of scan traversing the image; and second circuit means responsive to the electrical signals for generating a third signal, as a function of the electrical signals, proportional to a dimension of the image extending between the two parallel lines forming the tangents to the boundary of the portion of the image.
 46. An apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object having a boundary forming any shape, comprising: means for scanning the image for generating a first signal having a value varying as a function of the response of the image to the scan traversing the image; first circuit means responsive to the first signal for generating as a function of the value of the first signal a second signal as a function of the boundary of the image; logic means responsive to the second signal for generating electrical signals as a function of the extreme of the boundary of the image in a plane normal to two parallel lines forming tangents to the boundary of the image, the parallel lines disposed at an angle with respect to the direction of scan traversing the image; and second circuit means responsive to the electrical signals for generating a third signal, as a function of the electrical signals, proportional to a dimension of the image extending between the two parallel lines forming the tangents to the boundary of the image.
 47. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 46, wherein: the first circuit means responsive to the first signal generates the second signal having a binary value.
 48. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 46, wherein: the first circuit means generates the first signal, varying as a function of a response of the image to the scan traversing the image, as a function of the amplitude of the first signal.
 49. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an imagE of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 46, wherein: the first circuit means generates the first signal, varying as a function of a response of the image to the scan traversing the image, as a function of the waveform of the generated signal.
 50. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 46, wherein: the means for scanning the image scans in lines formed by a light spot.
 51. The apparatus for measuring a dimension of an image of an object of any shape, as defined in claim 46, wherein: the means for scanning the image scans in lines formed by an electron beam.
 52. Apparatus for measuring the longest dimension of one or more of a group of objects of any shape which comprises: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for selectively isolating second signals corresponding to any one of said objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a first pulse proportional in width to the widest second signal corresponding to said selected object; fourth circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a second pulse proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between the first and last scan lines intercepting said selected object; fifth circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a third pulse proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents to said selected object, said tangents taken at a first angle with respect to the direction of scan; sixth circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a fourth pulse proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents to said selected object, said tangents taken at a second angle with respect to said direction of scan; comparator means responsive to said third, fourth, fifth and sixth circuit means for determining the widest of said first, second, third and fourth pulses; and readout means responsive to said comparator means for displaying the dimension corresponding to said widest of said first, second, third or fourth pulses.
 53. Apparatus for measuring the projected length of one or more represented objects in a field of represented objects, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said field of objects for generating for each track of scan across the field a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each track of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means for generating an identification signal as a function of the occurrence of the time that the scanning means scans a predetermined region of the field of represented objects; means for generating object signals corresponding to the second circuit signals relating to a represented object bearing a predetermined time relationship to the identification signal and including means for generating other object signals corresponding to the second circuit signals bearing a predetermined time relationship to previously generated object signals; and third circuit means responsive to said object signals for generating a signal as a function of the number of second signals which signaL relates to the projected length.
 54. Apparatus for measuring the projected length of one or more represented objects in a field of represented objects, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said field of objects for generating for each track of scan across the field a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each track of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for automatically and sequentially isolating second signals corresponding to any one of said represented objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a first pulse proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between the first and last scan tracks intercepting each selected represented object; fourth circuit means responsive to said first pulse generated by said third circuit means for generating a train of second pulses, the number of which is proportional to the width of said first pulse; and readout means responsive to the number of said second pulses generated by said fourth circuit means calibrated in units of length for displaying the measured result, wherein the readout means includes, a plurality of counters each calibrated to accept and display a subrange of the total expected range of projected length measurements, and circuit means responsive to each of said pulses generated by said third circuit means for determining into which of said projected length subranges each of said pulses falls and connected to each of said plurality of counters for adding a count to that counter corresponding to each of said subrange determinations.
 55. Apparatus for measuring the projected length of one or more represented objects in a field of represented objects, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said field of objects for generating for each track of scan across the field a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each track of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for selectively isolating second signals corresponding to any one of said represented objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signal for generating a first pulse proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between the first and last scan tracks intercepting each selected represented object; fourth circuit means responsive to said first pulse generated by said third circuit means for generating a train of second pulses, the number of which is proportional to the width of said first pulse; and readout means responsive to the number of said second pulses generated by said fourth circuit means calibrated in units of length for displaying the measured result, wherein the readout means includes, a plurality of counters each calibrated to accept and display a subrange of the total expected range of projected length measurements, and circuit means responsive to each of said pulses generated by said third circuit means for determining into which of said projected length subranges each of said pulses falls and connected to each of said plurality of counters for adding a count to that counter corresponding to each of said subrange determinations.
 56. Apparatus for measuring the average projected length of a group of objects of any shape which comprises: scanning means positioned in optical alIgnment with said objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for automatically isolating second signals corresponding to each of said objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signals for generating a first pulse for each one of said objects proportional in width to the perpendicular distance between the first and last scan lines intercepting each of said objects; fourth circuit means responsive to said first pulses generated by said third circuit means for generating a train of second pulses, the number of which is proportional to the total width of said first pulses; fifth circuit means responsive to said train of said second pulses generated by said fourth circuit means for counting the number of said second pulses; sixth circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition for each object of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to one of said objects; seventh circuit means responsive to said third signal for counting the number thereof generated by said fifth circuit means; eighth circuit means responsive to said fifth and seventh circuit means for dividing said number of second pulses counted by said fifth circuit means by said number of third signals counted by said sixth circuit means and for generating a fourth signal proportional to the quotient obtained; and readout means responsive to said fourth signal calibrated in units of length for displaying the measured results.
 57. Apparatus for measuring Feret''s diameter of an object in a direction normal to a line of scan traversing the object, comprising: scanning means for scanning the object with lines of scan spaced apart a predetermined fixed distance and generating signals as a function of the response of the object to the scan; boundary detection means receiving the signals generated by the scanning means for generating intercept signals as a function of the boundary of the object to be measured; logic means receiving the intercept signals for generating modified signals for each line of scan intercepting the object; and circuit means receiving the modified signals for generating an output signal directly proportional to Ferret''s diameter as a function of a product of the number of modified signals received for the object and the spacing adjacent lines of scan.
 58. Apparatus for measuring the area of one or more of a group of represented objects in a field of objects which comprises: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said field of objects for generating for each line of scan across the field a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means for generating an identification signal as a function of the occurrence of the time that the scanning means scans a predetermined region of the field of represented objects; means for generating object signals corresponding to the second circuit signals relating to a represented object bearing a predetermined time relationship to the identification signal and iNcluding means for generating other object signals corresponding to the second circuit signals bearing a predetermined time relationship to previously generated object signals; third circuit means responsive to said object signals for generating a signal as a function of the total duration of the first value of the second signal corresponding to said selected one of said represented objects; and fourth circuit means for generating a count as a function of the signal generated by the third circuit means which counts relates to the measured area.
 59. Apparatus for measuring the area of one or more represented objects in a group of represented objects of any shape, comprising: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for automatically and sequentially isolating second signals correspnding to each of said represented objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signals for generating a train of pulses, the number of which is proportional to the total width of said isolated second signals corresponding to each selected one of said represented objects; fourth circuit means for counting the number of pulses in said train; and readout means responsive to the number of pulses counted by said fourth circuit means calibrated in units of area for displaying the measured result, wherein the readout means includes, a plurality of counters each calibrated to accept and display a subrange of the total expected range of area measurements, and fifth circuit means responsive to each of said train of pulses counted by said fourth circuit means for determining into which of said area subranges each of said train of pulses falls and connected to each of said plurality of counters for adding a count to that counter corresponding to each of said subrange determinations.
 60. Apparatus for measuring the area of one or more represented objects in a group of represented objects of any shape, comprising: scaning means positioned in optical alignment with said represented objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said represented objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said represented objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for selectively isolating second signals corresponding to any one of said represented objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signals for generating a train of pulses, the number of which is proportional to the total width of said isolated second signals corresponding to each selected one of said represented objects; fourth circuit means for counting the number of pulses in said train; and readout means responsive to the number of pulses counted by said fourth circuit means calibrated in units of area for displaying the measured result, wherein the readout means includes, a plurality of counters each calibrated to accept and display a subrange of the total expected range of area measurements, and fifth circuit means responsive t0 each of said train of pulses counted by said fourth circuit means for determining into which of said area subranges each of said train of pulses falls and connected to each of said plurality of counters for adding a Count to that counter corresponding to each of said subrange determinations.
 61. Apparatus for measuring the average area of a group of objects of any shape which comprises: scanning means positioned in optical alignment with said objects for generating for each line of scan a first signal having an amplitude which varies as a function of the response of said objects to said scanning means; first circuit means responsive to said first signal for generating for each line of scan a second signal having a first value while said scanning means traverses any portion of one of said objects and a second value when it does not; second circuit means responsive to said second signal for automatically isolating second signals corresponding to each of said objects; third circuit means responsive to said isolated second signals for generating a train of pulses, the number of which is proportional to the total width of said isolated second signals; fourth circuit means responsive to said train of pulses generated by said third circuit means for counting the number of pulses in said train; fifth circuit means responsive to the first and each succeeding transition for each object of said second signal from one of its two said values to the other for generating a third signal only when a scan line having second signal transitions corresponding to one of said objects is followed by a scan line having no second signal transitions corresponding to one of said objects; sixth circuit means responsive to said third signal for counting the number thereof generated by said fifth circuit means; seventh circuit means responsive to said fourth and sixth circuit means for dividing said number of second pulses counted by said fourth circuit means by said number of third signals counted by said sixth circuit means and for generating a fourth signal proportional to the quotient obtained; and readout means responsive to said fourth signal calibrated in units of area for displaying the measured result.
 62. Apparatus for measuring area including holes of a convex object, comprising: an imaging system for generating an image of the object including holes to be measured; scanning means receiving the image of the object including holes to be measured for scanning the image of the object with lines of scan spaced apart a predetermined fixed distance and including means for generating a signal as a function of the response of the image of the object to the scan; boundary detection means receiving the signal generated by the scanning lines for generating an intercept signal as a function of the boundary of the image of the object to be measured; logic means responsive to the first intercept signal for generating a third signal as a function of the intercept signal provided that where a previous scan line has only one uninterrupted intercept with the region and the next succeeding scan line has at least two uninterrupted intercepts with the region whose time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line substantially coincide with the time of occurrence relative to the commencement of the scan line having a single intercept in the previous scan, the third signal appears as a single response commencing at a time which is a function of the time of the first intercept on the line of scan having more than one intercept and terminates at a time which is a function of the time of the last intercept on the line having more than one intercept; and circuit means receiving each of the third signals for generating an output signal as a function of a product of the delay of the third signals and the spacing between adjacent lines of scan.
 63. Apparatus for measuring represented objects and generating signals having a direct measurement value corresponding to the physical units of the measurement of a represented object, comprising: an imaging system with variable magnification for magnifying an image of a represeNted object to be measured; scanning means receiving the image of the represented object to be measured for scanning the image of the represented object along substantially parallel tracks and including means for generating a signal as a function of the response of the image of the represented object to the scan; boundary detection means receiving the signal generated by the scanning means for generating a boundary signal as a function of the boundary of the image of the represented object to be measured; logic means receiving the boundary signal for generating a measurement value signal of the represented object as a function of the boundary signal; electronic means storing magnification calibration information of the imaging system for relating measurement value signals to an appropriate measurement directly in physical units; sensing means sensing if the measurement value signal relates to a length or area measurement to generate a signal corresponding to length or area measurement; and data conversion means receiving the signal corresponding to length or area measurement for selecting the appropriate magnification calibration information to generate a direct measurement signal corresponding to the physical units of the measured represented object as a function of the measurement value signals.
 64. Apparatus for measuring represented objects and generating signals having a direct measurement value corresponding to the physical units of the measurement of a represented object, comprising: an imaging system with discretely adjustable magnification for magnifying an image of the represented object to be measured; scanning means receiving the image of the represented object to be measured for scanning the image of the represented object along substantially parallel tracks and including means generating a signal as a function of the response of the image of the represented object to the scan; boundary detection means receiving the signal generated by the scanning means for generating a boundary signal as a function of the boundary of the image of the represented object to be measured; logic means receiving the boundary signal for generating a measurement value signal of the represented object as a function of the boundary signal; electronic means storing magnification calibration information relating to each discretely adjustable magnification of the imaging system for relating measurement value signals to an appropriate measurement directly in physical units; sensing means sensing if the measurement value signal relates to a length or area measurement to generate a signal corresponding to length or area measurement; and data conversion means receiving the signal corresponding to length or area measurement for selecting the appropriate magnification calibration information to generate a direct measurement signal corresponding to the physical units of the measured represented object as a function of the measurement value signals.
 65. The apparatus for measuring represented objects and generating signals having a direct measurement value corresponding to the physical units of the measurement of the represented object, as defined in claim 64, further comprising: logic circuit means receiving the direct measurement signal corresponding to the physical units of the measurement of the represented object for converting the received direct measurement signal into a sequence of signals; and a display unit receiving the sequence of signals generated by the logic circuit means for displaying the direct measurement value corresponding to the physical units of the measurement of the represented object in alpha-numeric characters as a function of the received sequence of signals.
 66. An apparatus for producing an electrical signal indicative of a given represented object in a two-dimensional field of view having regions identifiable by a vertical and a horizontal coordinate pattern, compriSing: scanning means for generating a video signal having a profile as a function of the response of the represented objects along lines of scan traversing the field; first circuit means responsive to the video signal for generating a first signal having a first condition when the video signal profile corresponds to scan lines traversing an object and another condition when the video signal profile does not correspond to scan lines traversing an object; manual control means for identifying a vertical and a horizontal coordinate region in the field of view; second circuit means for generating an identification signal at a time when the scanning means causes lines of scan to traverse the identified vertical and horizontal coordinate region comprising a portion of the field located at any part of the field and including at least that part of the given represented object first traversed by a line of scan; and logic means responsive to the first signal and the identification signal for producing an electrical signal indicative of the represented object as a function of the first circuit signal having a first condition generated as a function of the occurrence of the identification signal.
 67. The apparatus for producing an electrical signal indicative of a predetermined represented object in a field as defined in claim 66, further comprising: second logic means for generating an object signal having a first condition occurring as a function of the electrical signal indicative of the represented object and having subsequent first conditions occurring as a function of subsequent first conditions of the first signal respectively bearing predetermined time relationships with previous occurrences of first conditions of the object signal, the object signal being indicative of the represented object.
 68. The apparatus as defined in claim 67 further comprising: means receiving the object signal indicative of the represented object for generating a signal corresponding to a physical measurement of the object as a function of the object signal.
 69. The apparatus as defined in claim 66, further comprising: second logic means for generating an object signal having a first condition occurring as a function of the electrical signal indicative of the represented object and having subsequent first conditions occurring as a function of subsequent first conditions of the first signal respectively bearing predetermined time relationships with previous occurrences of first conditions of the object signal, the object signal being indicative of the represented object.
 70. An apparatus for producing an electrical signal indicative of a represented object in a field, comprising: scanning means for generating a video signal having a profile as a function of the response of the represented objects along lines of scan traversing the field; first circuit means responsive to the video signal for generating a first signal having a first condition when the video signal profile corresponds to scan lines traversing an object and another condition when the video signal profile does not correspond to scan lines traversing an object; second circuit means for generating an identification signal at a time when the scanning means causes lines of scan to traverse a predetermined region comprising a portion of the field located at any part of the field; logic means responsive to the first signal and the identification signal for producing an electrical signal indicative of a represented object as a function of a predetermined time relationship between the identification signal and the first circuit signal having a first condition; second logic means for generating an object signal having a first condition occurring as a function of the electrical signal indicative of the represented object and having subsequent first conditions occurring as a function of subsequent first conditions of the first signal respectively beaRing predetermined time relationships with previous occurrences of first conditions of the object signal, the object signal being indicative of the represented object; means for displaying a light emitting area scanning a display region in synchronization with the scanning means; and wherein the second circuit means includes, an optical detector optically aligned with a portion of the display region scanned by the light emitting area including means for producing the identification signal when the light emitting area traverses the portion of the subsequent region in optical alignment with the optical detector.
 71. The apparatus as defined in claim 70 further comprising: means receiving the object signal indicative of the represented object for generating a signal corresponding to a physical measurement of the object as a function of the object signal.
 72. An apparatus for measuring a property of a selected represented object in a field of more than one represented object as a function of the boundary of the selected object where the field and the represented objects are scanned along sequential substantially parallel tracks, comprising: electrical means for generating a signal identifying a selected represented object in the field of represented objects; first means for generating electrical signals as a function of the boundaries of all the represented objects in the field of represented objects as a function of responses of the represented object to the scan across the represented objects; means receiving the electrical signals generated as a function of the boundaries of the objects and the signal identifying the one of the selected objects to generate an electrical signal as a function of the selected represented object and means receiving the generated electrical signals corresponding to the identified selected represented object for generating as a function of the received generated electrical signals, a response having a value being a function of the measured property of the selected represented object.
 73. The apparatus for measuring a property of a selected represented object in a field of represented objects, as defined in claim 22, further including: electrical means for selectively identifying the property of the selected represented objects to be measured.
 74. An apparatus for measuring a preselected region in a scanned field of regions, as a function of the boundary of the region where a region is an area having boundaries which when scanned by a scanning device along sequential substantially parallel tracks of scan cause a predetermined change in the electrical output of the scanning device as a function of the field being scanned, comprising: electrical means for generating a signal identifying a selected region in the field of regions; first means for generating electrical signals as a function of the boundaries of all the regions in the field of regions being scanned as a function of responses of the regions to the scan across the regions; means receiving the electrical signals generated as a function of the boundaries of the regions and the signal identifying the selected region to generate an electrical signal as a function of the selected represented region; and means receiving the generated electrical signal corresponding to the identified preselected region for generating as a function of the received generated electrical signal, a response having a value being a function of the measured selected region in the field of regions.
 75. A method of measuring a property of a selected represented object in the field of more than one represented object, as a function of the boundary of the object where the field and the represented objects are scanned along sequential substantially parallel tracks, comprising the steps of: generating a signal to electrically identify the selected represented object in the field of represented objects as a function of the position of the selected represented object in the field; generating first electrical signals corresponding to the boundaries of all of the represented objects in the field of represented objects as a function of responses of the represented objects to the scan across the represented objects; generating a second electrical signal corresponding to the selected represented object as a function of the signal to electrically identify the selected represented object and the first electrical signals; and converting the second electrical signal corresponding to the identified selected represented object to a response value as a measurement of the property of the selected represented object in the field of represented objects as a function of the boundary of the selected represented object.
 76. A method of identifying a boundary of a selected region in a field, a region is an area having boundaries which when scanned by a scanning device along sequential substantially parallel tracks of scan cause a predetermined change in the electrical output of the scanning device as a function of the field being scanned, comprising the steps of: electrically identifying the selected region in the field as a function of the position of the region in the field of view; generating electrical signals as a function of the boundaries of all of the regions in the field; isolating the electrical signals corresponding to the identified selected region; generating video signals as a function of the isolated electrical signals, the video signals having binary values with transitions occurring as a function of the boundary of the selected region; and differentiating the binary video signals corresponding to the identified region at the transitions of the binary video signal to generate differential signals collectively identifying the boundary of the selected region. 